Crime victims and their rights in criminal justice system

Victims of crime play a critical role in the criminal justice system. The victim often provides eyewitness information to the police, which aids in the capture of suspects. Furthermore, prosecutors and judges tend to rely heavily on a victim's testimony in court

Crime victims and their rights in criminal justice system

Victims of crime play a critical role in the criminal justice system. The victim often provides eyewitness information to the police, which aids in the capture of suspects. Furthermore, prosecutors and judges tend to rely heavily on a victim's testimony in court

Victimology: the early roots & key concepts

"Victim" has it roots in the early religious notions of suffering, sacrifice and death. The article is devoted to the historical overview of victimology, the early roots and basic key concepts of victimology

Victimology: the early roots & key concepts

"Victim" has it roots in the early religious notions of suffering, sacrifice and death. The article is devoted to the historical overview of victimology, the early roots and basic key concepts of victimology

ДИСТАНЦИОННОЕ ОПТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗОНДИРОВАНИЕ АЭРОЗОЛЬНЫХ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЙ ВОЗДУХА

Сhallenges of retrieval of atmospheric fine particulate matter maps from data of the ground lidar and multispectral satellite imagery are presented. Strategies to multifrequency lidar calibration and to solution of radiative transfer and aerosol light scattering invers problems are suggested. The application of the developed strategies to the real-time monitoring of the atmospheric particulate matter pollution transport during wildfires is provided.Рассматриваются задачи оперативного получения карт загрязнений атмосферы мелкодисперсными фракциями аэрозоля по данным наземного лидарного зондирования и многоспектральной спутниковой съемки. Предложены новые методы калибровки многочастотного лидара и решения обратных задач по переносу излучения в атмосфере и аэрозольному светорассеянию. Показана возможность использования разработанных методов для оперативного слежения за переносом аэрозольных загрязнений в атмосфере во время природных пожаров

Prokaryotic expression, purification and immunogenicity in rabbits of the small antigen of hepatitis delta virus

Funding Information: Expression and purification of HDV antigen was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 16-04-01490a). Evaluation of serum by Western blot and confocal microscopy was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-14-01021). Experiments in rabbits were supported by the Swedish Institute grants 09272_2013 and 19806_2016. Cross-border collaboration of the partners, exchange of the materials and standard operation procedures used in the study, and dissemination of the data were supported by the EU Twinning project VACTRAIN, contract nr 692293. Publisher Copyright: © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a viroid-like blood-borne human pathogen that accompanies hepatitis B virus infection in 5% patients. HDV has been studied for four decades; however, the knowledge on its life-cycle and pathogenesis is still sparse. The studies are hampered by the absence of the commercially-available HDV-specific antibodies. Here, we describe a set of reproducible methods for the expression in E. coli of His-tagged small antigen of HDV (S-HDAg), its purification, and production of polyclonal anti-S-HDAg antibodies in rabbits. S-HDAg was cloned into a commercial vector guiding expression of the recombinant proteins with the C-terminal His-tag. We optimized S-HDAg protein purification procedure circumventing a low affinity of the His-tagged S-HDAg to the Ni-nitrilotriacetyl agarose (Ni-NTA-agarose) resin. Optimization allowed us to obtain S-HDAg with >90% purity. S-HDAg was used to immunize Shinchilla grey rabbits which received 80 µg of S-HDAg in two subcutaneous primes in the complete, followed by four 40 µg boosts in incomplete Freunds adjuvant. Rabbits were bled two weeks post each boost. Antibody titers determined by indirect ELISA exceeded 107. Anti-S-HDAg antibodies detected the antigen on Western blots in the amounts of up-to 100 pg. They were also successfully used to characterize the expression of S-HDAg in the eukaryotic cells by immunofluorescent staining/confocal microscopy.publishersversionPeer reviewe